English Legal History and its Materials

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ArmorieDelamirie 21 - 23 Aug 2014 - Main.EbenMoglen
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Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

Alex Feerst & Carol DeMartino?


ArmorieDelamirie 20 - 05 Jan 2009 - Main.CarolDeMartino
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Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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 In a recent article, De Lamerie is referred to as a "pioneer of what became the Industrial revolution, operating a workshop or factory with a retail arm; he also began by making all the works that bore his maker's mark himself, then devising a system whereby his designs were manufactured by other craftsmen working under his supervision." De Lamerie designed but probably did not assist in constructing his masterpiece of Rococo style, the Maynard dish. E. Alfred Jones also states De Lamerie had "collaborators and apprentices just as had Vandyck and Rubens and other artists."
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The above is compiled largely from two sources:

Beyond the Maker's Mark by Ellenor Alcorn

Paul de Lamerie: At the Sign of the Golden Ball by S.M. Hare

 Other Articles on De Lamerie

Exhibition Review: Tessa Murdoch reviews an international exhibition of De Lamerie silver at the London Goldsmiths' Company, from The Burlington Magazine (1990).

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ArmorieDelamirie 19 - 22 Dec 2008 - Main.CarolDeMartino
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Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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 Book Review: W.W. Watts reviews P.A.S. Phillips' biography of De Lamerie, from the Burlington Magazine (1935).
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Article: Emil Delmar considers whether an elaborate bronze dish attributed to an Anglo-French goldsmith in London was the work of De Lamerie.
 The Work of Paul De Lamerie

De Lamerie ranks as one of the finest and most prolific silversmiths of his time. Below are links to images of his work:

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 Basket: 1744-45
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Examples and highlights from the De Lamerie collection at the V&A museum, London.
 Armory in Motion

Since it came down, the case has appeared in legal treatises on property, evidence, and tort law, judicial opinions, and case books on property law.

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ArmorieDelamirie 18 - 21 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
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Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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We are at work on this, plz direct comments or help to Carol DeMartino? and Alex Feerst.
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Alex Feerst & Carol DeMartino?
 The Opinion
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 3. Spoliation of Evidence
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Armory is considered “one of the first instances of spoliation of evidence. Under this evidentiary rule, courts presume that evidence a party has concealed or destroyed would have been injurious to their case, based on the interpretive canon omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem, ('all things' against the spoliator of the evidence). See Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001); Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).
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Armory is considered “one of the first instances of spoliation of evidence. Under this evidentiary rule, courts presume that evidence a party has concealed or destroyed would have been injurious to their case, based on the interpretive canon omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem, (all things against the spoliator of the evidence). See Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001); Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).
 Though it may not have been the court's intention, the great disparity in wealth and status between the two parties underscores the two rules announced in this case -- that one who finds property, even a climbing boy, holds title in it against the world, even the King's Silversmith, and that anyone who spoliates evidence, even one in so comparatively reputable a position as De Lamirie was compared to Armorie, will have all things presumed against him.
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 In a statement to the Children's Employment Commission (1863), Thomas Clarke, Master Sweep of Nottingham remarked:
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"I have known eight or nine sweeps lost their lives by the sooty cancer. The private parts which is seizes are entirely eaten off caused entirely by 'sleeping black,' and breathing the soot in all night."
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"I have known eight or nine sweeps lost their lives by the sooty cancer. The private parts which it seizes are entirely eaten off caused entirely by 'sleeping black,' and breathing the soot in all night."
 Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum (1957)
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 William Blake published two versions of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).
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Charles Kingsley's 1863 novel The Water-Babies, features a chimney sweep protagonist. It remained popular well into the twentieth century and generated many accompanying images of chimney sweeps.

In Dickens' novel Oliver Twist, the hero is spared from indenture into service as a sweep's apprentice by a magistrate who blocks Oliver's move to a master who "did happen to labour under the slight imputation of having bruised three or four boys to death already."

Images

The corpses of two climbing boys being pulled out of a flue.

A trio climbing boys, still black with soot, tucking into a meal with some ale.

A widow sells her son into an apprenticeship with a chimney sweep.

 
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Here's an of some climbing boys, still black with soot, tucking into a meal with some ale.
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A climbing boy on crutches in retirement.
 
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A painting of a group of climbing boys gathered around a curdseller.
 
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A recent image of a Sweep's Apprentice
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Two cherubic looking sweeps share a book.
 
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Another image
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A brush-toting sweep burdened by his pack.

Two more recent images of sweep's apprentices, one bilious, the other pensive.

 
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An image of a widow selling her son into an apprenticeship with a chimney sweep.
 Paul De Lamerie
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 Occasionally, one can even find an Armory v. Delamirie memorabilia print available for auction on ebay.

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ArmorieDelamirie 17 - 21 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
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Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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 "Here he threw himself into position -- placing one arm close to his side, with the palm of his hand turned outwards, as if pressing the side of the flue, and extending the other arm high above his head, the hand apparently pressing in the same manner."
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Here are two sketchs of four boys in various flue-cleaning positions, and another of four boys in adjacent flues.
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Here is a sketch of four boys in various flue-cleaning positions, and another of four boys in adjacent flues.
 

Scrotum Cancer

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 ". . . in spite of every other condition which may be regarded as favourable to the disease, including the employment of children as 'climbing boys,' it is really almost unknown in those countries."
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Here's an image of a German chimney sweep, suited up and bearing a striking resemblance to a ninja.
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Here's an image of a German chimney sweep, suited up in ninja-like protective garb.
 

Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)

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 Occasionally, one can even find an Armory v. Delamirie memorabilia print available for auction on ebay.

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ArmorieDelamirie 16 - 20 Dec 2008 - Main.CarolDeMartino
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Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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 Repeated violations of Goldsmiths' Company regulations are noted throughout De Lamerie's career. In 1714, he was fined for "not having his work hallmarked"; further complaints were filed the following November because the fine remained unpaid. In 1715, he was accused of passing off work made by others as his own. Similar charges were made the next year. By 1717, he was known as the King's Silversmith, but was also named in a complaint for making and selling unmarked wares. In 1722, he was, of course, accused of cheating Armory, the chimneysweep's boy. And in 1726, he was involved in the trial of Robert Dingley, a goldsmith involved in exporting silver to Russia. Dingley was preparing to ship a large number of silver wares when the Goldsmiths' Company tried to intercept his shipment on the suspicion that pieces were not assayed and that the requisite duty was unpaid. Much of the wares, in fact, were unmarked, and around half of the goods were supplied by Paul De Lamerie. Nevertheless, Dingley avoided inspection by distracting Company officials in a tavern while the goods were being loaded and dispatched overseas.
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While these violations did not affect De Lamerie's business in any significant way, in his extensive biography of De Lamerie, P.A.S. Phillips refers to Armory v. Delamirie as an "extraordinary incident in his career, which was to bring him into a different sphere of fame, although quite unintentionally and unexpectedly on his part."
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In his extensive biography of De Lamerie, P.A.S. Phillips refers to Armory v. Delamirie as an "extraordinary incident in his career, which was to bring him into a different sphere of fame, although quite unintentionally and unexpectedly on his part." Nevertheless, while the suit was to become "one of the leading cases of the law of the land and to be known afterwards as ruling the law as to 'trover'", De Lamerie's business remained unaffected by his involvement in this or any other violation of Goldsmiths' Company regulations.
 
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[to be continued]
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Prior to the lawsuit, De Lamerie's business had been flourishing. In 1717, he was admitted to the livery of the Goldsmiths' Company and would eventually secure the highest post offered by the Company, Prime Wardenship. By 1723, De Lamerie could already count members of the nobility and wealthy middle class at clients. Nevertheless, Susan Hare notes that "in spite of his title of King's Silversmith there is little evidence that he was fulfilling royal orders." Little question exists, however, in classifying De Lamerie as a shrewd businessman. Evidence introduced in Armory v. Delamirie reveals that in addition to a workshop, De Lamerie also kept an "open shop for ordinary trading purposes" where he also dealt in jewelry. This is confirmed by a document issued after his death for sale of his stock by auction. Hare notes that De Lamerie was a man of considerable wealth based on the "considerable investments in property he began making early in 1733" and "from his lending money on mortgage." Nevertheless, despite his wealth, when De Lamerie's father died in 1735, he was given a pauper's burial at St. Anne's Church, suggesting a certain callousness on the part of his son.
 
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Prior to the lawsuit, De Lamerie's business had been flourishing. In 1717, he was admitted to the livery of the Goldsmiths' Company and would eventually secure the highest post offered by the Company, Prime Wardenship. Evidence introduced in the case revealed that in addition to a workshop, De Lamerie also kept an "open shop for ordinary trading purposes" where he also dealt in jewelry. This is confirmed by a document issued after his death for sale of his stock by auction.
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In a recent article, De Lamerie is referred to as a "pioneer of what became the Industrial revolution, operating a workshop or factory with a retail arm; he also began by making all the works that bore his maker's mark himself, then devising a system whereby his designs were manufactured by other craftsmen working under his supervision." De Lamerie designed but probably did not assist in constructing his masterpiece of Rococo style, the Maynard dish. E. Alfred Jones also states De Lamerie had "collaborators and apprentices just as had Vandyck and Rubens and other artists."
 
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In a recent article, De Lamerie is referred to as a "pioneer of what became the Industrial revolution, operating a workshop or factory with a retail arm; he also began by making all the works that bore his maker's mark himself, then devising a system whereby his designs were manufactured by other craftsmen working under his supervision." De Lamerie designed but probably did not assist in constructing his masterpiece of Rococo style, the Maynard dish.
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Other Articles on De Lamerie
 
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Exhibition Review: Tessa Murdoch reviews an international exhibition of De Lamerie silver at the London Goldsmiths' Company, from The Burlington Magazine (1990).
 
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Book Review: W.W. Watts reviews P.A.S. Phillips' biography of De Lamerie, from the Burlington Magazine (1935).
 
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* Paul_De_Lamerie,_Goldmsith.pdf: "Paul De Lamerie, Goldsmith" from The Burlington Magazine (1920)
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The Work of Paul De Lamerie
 
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* Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf: Review of exhibition, from The Burlington Magazine (1990)

De Lamerie ranks as one of the finest and most prolific silversmiths of his time. Below are links to images of De Lamerie's work:

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De Lamerie ranks as one of the finest and most prolific silversmiths of his time. Below are links to images of his work:
 Shells: 1724-25
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ArmorieDelamirie 15 - 20 Dec 2008 - Main.CarolDeMartino
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Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="IMG_0726.JPG" attr="" comment="P.A.S. Phillips title page" date="1229785553" name="IMG_0726.JPG" path="IMG_0726.JPG" size="2538368" stream="IMG_0726.JPG" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"

ArmorieDelamirie 14 - 19 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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 Armory is considered “one of the first instances of spoliation of evidence. Under this evidentiary rule, courts presume that evidence a party has concealed or destroyed would have been injurious to their case, based on the interpretive canon omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem, ('all things' against the spoliator of the evidence). See Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001); Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).
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Though it may not have been the court's intention, the great disparity in wealth and status between the two parties underscores the two rules announced in this case -- that one who finds property, even a climbing boy, holds title in it against the world, even the King's Silversmith, and that anyone who spoliates evidence, even one in so comparatively reputable a position as De Lamirie was compared to Armorie, will have all things presumed against him.
 Interpellating Armory: Chimney Sweeps and their Apprentices

Legal historian A.W. Brian Simpson has this to say about the problem of tracking down Armory, the chimney sweep's apprentice:

Line: 38 to 40
 Short of finding the climbing boy at the center of this case, this section tries to do the next best thing -- to gather as much information as possible that is likely to describe someone in Armory's position.
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Relevant Historiography
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Historiography
 Kathleen H. Strange, Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices, 1773-1875 (1982), Ch. 2
Line: 54 to 54
 "Chimney-sweepers' apprentices, for example, loom large in the popular historical imagination but were very small in number. Much of their high visibility resulted from the campaigning of Jonas Hanway in the eighteenth century and Lord Shaftesbury and Charles Kingsley in the nineteenth [in the 1863 novel The Water Babies]. In 1841, the number of sweeps' apprentices aged below 10 in London was estimated by Mayhew to be 370 (at a time when London's population numbered 2.2 million). Hanway estimated that in 1785 there were 400 to 550 climbing boys in London, and an estimate from seven years later supposed their number to be 500. . . According to the census of 1851, there were 1107 British chimney-sweeps aged below 15 in Britain."
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The Mechanics of Climbing

Mayhew records these comments on technique from a chimney sweep living in Bethnal Green in the 1840s:

"There are two or three ways of climbing. In wide flues, you climb with your elbows and your legs spread out, your feet pressing against the sides of the flue, but in narrow flues, such as nine-inch ones, you must slant it; you must have your sides in the angles, it's widest there, and go up that way."

Mayhew describes:

"Here he threw himself into position -- placing one arm close to his side, with the palm of his hand turned outwards, as if pressing the side of the flue, and extending the other arm high above his head, the hand apparently pressing in the same manner."

Here are two sketchs of four boys in various flue-cleaning positions, and another of four boys in adjacent flues.

 Scrotum Cancer

Soot and the chemicals it contained led to a notably high rate of scrotal cancer among chimney sweep's boys.

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In a statement to the Children's Employment Commission (1863), Thomas Clarke, Master Sweep of Nottingham remarked:

"I have known eight or nine sweeps lost their lives by the sooty cancer. The private parts which is seizes are entirely eaten off caused entirely by 'sleeping black,' and breathing the soot in all night."

 Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum (1957)

Pott's 1775 treatise, Chirurgical observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum, . . . [etc.], which includes an account of scrotum cancer among chimney sweepers has been cited as the first description of an occupational cancer:

Line: 70 to 87
 ". . . in spite of every other condition which may be regarded as favourable to the disease, including the employment of children as 'climbing boys,' it is really almost unknown in those countries."
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Here's an image of a German chimney sweep, suited up and bearing a striking resemblance to a ninja.
 Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)

Jacobson argues against Butlin's belief in the protective properties of specialized clothing and also departs from medical consensus holding that improved sweeping technology has reduced the incidence of cancer by allowing one to sweep from below rather than inside the chimney. Instead, Jacobson proposes:

"A more important explanation than the intersection of machinery, is to be found in the fact that chimney-sweeps, being no longer employed in boyhood, the delicate scrotal skin is not exposed so early or so long to the irritation of soot."

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Climbing Boys in Literature and Art
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The Art of Sweeping
 William Blake published two versions of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).
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Here's an image of some climbing boys, still black with soot, tucking into a meal and some ale.
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Here's an of some climbing boys, still black with soot, tucking into a meal with some ale.
 

A recent image of a Sweep's Apprentice

Another image

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An image of a widow selling her son into an apprenticeship with a chimney sweep.
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An image of a widow selling her son into an apprenticeship with a chimney sweep.
 Paul De Lamerie
Line: 126 to 146
 Since it came down, the case has appeared in legal treatises on property, evidence, and tort law, judicial opinions, and case books on property law.
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Here's a 2007 article by a barrister who advocates overturning the Armory rule because negligent lawyers now risk getting caught in a net designed for dishonest goldsmiths.
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Application of the Armory rule has broadened over time. Here's a 2007 article by a barrister who advocates overturning the Armory rule because negligent lawyers now risk getting caught in a net designed for dishonest goldsmiths.
 Occasionally, one can even find an Armory v. Delamirie memorabilia print available for auction on ebay.

Line: 157 to 177
 
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="shells.pdf" attr="" comment="Shells" date="1229631613" name="shells.pdf" path="shells.pdf" size="80616" stream="shells.pdf" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="german_chimney_sweep_image.pdf" attr="" comment="German chimney sweep image" date="1229700806" name="german_chimney_sweep_image.pdf" path="german chimney sweep image.pdf" size="55179" stream="german chimney sweep image.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
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ArmorieDelamirie 13 - 18 Dec 2008 - Main.CarolDeMartino
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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 Paul De Lamerie
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Much more is known about the defendant, goldsmith Paul De Lamerie (spelled Delamirie in legal texts). De Lamerie was born in 1688 in the Netherlands to French Huguenot parents. The family soon moved to England. Little is known of De Lamerie's early education, but in 1703, he was apprenticed to Peter Platel, a London goldsmith, for a seven year term. Platel was a well-regarded and elegant silversmith, and de Lamerie was an ambitious apprentice. In 1711, his apprenticeship has ended and De Lamerie made arrangements to start his own workshop. By 1713, he had entered his maker's mark at the Assay Office in the Goldsmiths' Hall and gave his address as "in Windmill Street near the Haymarket."
>
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Much more is known about the defendant, goldsmith Paul De Lamerie (spelled Delamirie in legal texts). De Lamerie was born in 1688 in the Netherlands to French Huguenot parents. The family soon moved to England. Little is known of De Lamerie's early education, but in 1703 he was apprenticed to Peter Platel, a London goldsmith, for a seven year term. Platel was a well-regarded and elegant silversmith, and de Lamerie was an ambitious apprentice. In 1711, his apprenticeship ended and De Lamerie made arrangements to start his own workshop. By 1713, he had entered his maker's mark at the Assay Office in the Goldsmiths' Hall and gave his address as "in Windmill Street near the Haymarket."
 Repeated violations of Goldsmiths' Company regulations are noted throughout De Lamerie's career. In 1714, he was fined for "not having his work hallmarked"; further complaints were filed the following November because the fine remained unpaid. In 1715, he was accused of passing off work made by others as his own. Similar charges were made the next year. By 1717, he was known as the King's Silversmith, but was also named in a complaint for making and selling unmarked wares. In 1722, he was, of course, accused of cheating Armory, the chimneysweep's boy. And in 1726, he was involved in the trial of Robert Dingley, a goldsmith involved in exporting silver to Russia. Dingley was preparing to ship a large number of silver wares when the Goldsmiths' Company tried to intercept his shipment on the suspicion that pieces were not assayed and that the requisite duty was unpaid. Much of the wares, in fact, were unmarked, and around half of the goods were supplied by Paul De Lamerie. Nevertheless, Dingley avoided inspection by distracting Company officials in a tavern while the goods were being loaded and dispatched overseas.

ArmorieDelamirie 12 - 18 Dec 2008 - Main.CarolDeMartino
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

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 Paul De Lamerie
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Much more is known about the defendant, goldsmith Paul De Lamerie (spelled Delamirie in legal texts). De Lamerie was born in 1688 in the Netherlands to French Huguenot parents. The family soon moved to England. Little is known of De Lamerie's early education, but in 1703, he was apprenticed to Peter Platel, a London goldsmith, for a seven year term. Platel was a well-regarded and elegant silversmith, and de Lamerie was an ambitious apprentice. In 1711, his apprenticeship has ended and De Lamerie made arrangements to start his own workshop. By 1713, he had entered his maker's mark at the Assay Office in the Goldsmiths' Hall and gave his address as "in Windmill Street near the Haymarket."

Repeated violations of Goldsmiths' Company regulations are noted throughout De Lamerie's career. In 1714, he was fined for "not having his work hallmarked"; further complaints were filed the following November because the fine remained unpaid. In 1715, he was accused of passing off work made by others as his own. Similar charges were made the next year. By 1717, he was known as the King's Silversmith, but was also named in a complaint for making and selling unmarked wares. In 1722, he was, of course, accused of cheating Armory, the chimneysweep's boy. And in 1726, he was involved in the trial of Robert Dingley, a goldsmith involved in exporting silver to Russia. Dingley was preparing to ship a large number of silver wares when the Goldsmiths' Company tried to intercept his shipment on the suspicion that pieces were not assayed and that the requisite duty was unpaid. Much of the wares, in fact, were unmarked, and around half of the goods were supplied by Paul De Lamerie. Nevertheless, Dingley avoided inspection by distracting Company officials in a tavern while the goods were being loaded and dispatched overseas.

While these violations did not affect De Lamerie's business in any significant way, in his extensive biography of De Lamerie, P.A.S. Phillips refers to Armory v. Delamirie as an "extraordinary incident in his career, which was to bring him into a different sphere of fame, although quite unintentionally and unexpectedly on his part."

[to be continued]

Prior to the lawsuit, De Lamerie's business had been flourishing. In 1717, he was admitted to the livery of the Goldsmiths' Company and would eventually secure the highest post offered by the Company, Prime Wardenship. Evidence introduced in the case revealed that in addition to a workshop, De Lamerie also kept an "open shop for ordinary trading purposes" where he also dealt in jewelry. This is confirmed by a document issued after his death for sale of his stock by auction.

In a recent article, De Lamerie is referred to as a "pioneer of what became the Industrial revolution, operating a workshop or factory with a retail arm; he also began by making all the works that bore his maker's mark himself, then devising a system whereby his designs were manufactured by other craftsmen working under his supervision." De Lamerie designed but probably did not assist in constructing his masterpiece of Rococo style, the Maynard dish.

 * Paul_De_Lamerie,_Goldmsith.pdf: "Paul De Lamerie, Goldsmith" from The Burlington Magazine (1920)

* Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf: Review of exhibition, from The Burlington Magazine (1990)

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Below are links to images of De Lamerie's work:

* de_lamerie_cup_with_cover: 1742

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De Lamerie ranks as one of the finest and most prolific silversmiths of his time. Below are links to images of De Lamerie's work:
 
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* basket: 1744-45
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Shells: 1724-25
 
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* candlesticks: 1738-39
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Taperstick: 1726-27
 
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* shells: 1724-25
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Coffeepot: 1728-29
 
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* Newdigate: 1743-44
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Newdigate: 1743-44
 
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Basket: 1744-45
 Armory in Motion
Line: 115 to 128
 Here's a 2007 article by a barrister who advocates overturning the Armory rule because negligent lawyers now risk getting caught in a net designed for dishonest goldsmiths.
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Occasionally, one can even find an Armory v. Delamirie memorabilia print available for auction on ebay.

 
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Line: 123 to 139
 
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Armory_in_Indermaur.pdf" attr="" comment="John Indermauer, Principles of the Common Law 275 (1880)" date="1229547096" name="Armory_in_Indermaur.pdf" path="Armory in Indermaur.pdf" size="387649" stream="Armory in Indermaur.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
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Line: 137 to 149
 
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="cullingford_title_page.pdf" attr="" comment="Cullingford title page" date="1229547559" name="cullingford_title_page.pdf" path="cullingford title page.pdf" size="5226" stream="cullingford title page.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="ebay.pdf" attr="" comment="" date="1229630242" name="ebay.pdf" path="ebay.pdf" size="1769298" stream="ebay.pdf" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
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ArmorieDelamirie 11 - 18 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

Line: 54 to 54
 "Chimney-sweepers' apprentices, for example, loom large in the popular historical imagination but were very small in number. Much of their high visibility resulted from the campaigning of Jonas Hanway in the eighteenth century and Lord Shaftesbury and Charles Kingsley in the nineteenth [in the 1863 novel The Water Babies]. In 1841, the number of sweeps' apprentices aged below 10 in London was estimated by Mayhew to be 370 (at a time when London's population numbered 2.2 million). Hanway estimated that in 1785 there were 400 to 550 climbing boys in London, and an estimate from seven years later supposed their number to be 500. . . According to the census of 1851, there were 1107 British chimney-sweeps aged below 15 in Britain."
Deleted:
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Climbing Boys in Literature and Art

William Blake published two versions of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).

 Scrotum Cancer

Soot and the chemicals it contained led to a notably high rate of scrotal cancer among chimney sweep's boys.

Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum (1957)

Changed:
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Pott's 1775 treatise, Chirurgical observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum, . . ., which includes an account of scrotum cancer among chimney sweepers has been cited as the first description of an occupational cancer:
>
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Pott's 1775 treatise, Chirurgical observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum, . . . [etc.], which includes an account of scrotum cancer among chimney sweepers has been cited as the first description of an occupational cancer:
 ". . . there is a disease as peculiar to a certain set of people, which has not, at least to my knowledge, been publickly noticed; I mean the chimney-sweepers' cancer . . . it produced a superficial, painful, ragged, ill-looking sore, with hard and rising edges. The trade call it the soot-wart . . . The fate of these people seems singularly hard; in their early infancy, they are most frequently treated with great brutality, and almost starved with cold and hunger; they are thrust up narrow, and sometimes hot chimnies, where they are bruised, burned, and almost suffocated; and when they get to puberty, become peculiarly liable to a most noisome, painful, and fatal disease."
Line: 74 to 68
 Butlin considers possible reasons that chimney sweeps on the continent suffer a much lower rate of scrotum cancer. He hypothesizes that it is owing to protective clothing which varies by local custom that:
Changed:
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"in spite of every other condition which may be regarded as favourable to the disease, including the employment of children as 'climbing boys,' it is really almost unknown in those countries."
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". . . in spite of every other condition which may be regarded as favourable to the disease, including the employment of children as 'climbing boys,' it is really almost unknown in those countries."
 Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)
Line: 82 to 76
 "A more important explanation than the intersection of machinery, is to be found in the fact that chimney-sweeps, being no longer employed in boyhood, the delicate scrotal skin is not exposed so early or so long to the irritation of soot."
Added:
>
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Climbing Boys in Literature and Art

William Blake published two versions of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).

Here's an image of some climbing boys, still black with soot, tucking into a meal and some ale.

A recent image of a Sweep's Apprentice

Another image

An image of a widow selling her son into an apprenticeship with a chimney sweep.

 Paul De Lamerie

* Paul_De_Lamerie,_Goldmsith.pdf: "Paul De Lamerie, Goldsmith" from The Burlington Magazine (1920)

Line: 105 to 113
 Since it came down, the case has appeared in legal treatises on property, evidence, and tort law, judicial opinions, and case books on property law.
Added:
>
>
Here's a 2007 article by a barrister who advocates overturning the Armory rule because negligent lawyers now risk getting caught in a net designed for dishonest goldsmiths.
 
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="pott_scrotum_article.pdf" attr="" comment="Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum (1957)" date="1228252826" name="pott_scrotum_article.pdf" path="pott scrotum article.pdf" size="748528" stream="pott scrotum article.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
Line: 118 to 127
 
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="candlesticks" attr="" comment="1738-39" date="1228329678" name="candlesticks" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\candlesticks" size="119242" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\candlesticks" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Armory_in_Indermaur.pdf" attr="" comment="" date="1229547096" name="Armory_in_Indermaur.pdf" path="Armory in Indermaur.pdf" size="387649" stream="Armory in Indermaur.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Armory_in_Indermaur.pdf" attr="" comment="John Indermauer, Principles of the Common Law 275 (1880)" date="1229547096" name="Armory_in_Indermaur.pdf" path="Armory in Indermaur.pdf" size="387649" stream="Armory in Indermaur.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
 
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Jacobson_scrotum_cancer.pdf" attr="" comment="From Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)" date="1229547166" name="Jacobson_scrotum_cancer.pdf" path="Jacobson scrotum cancer.pdf" size="958583" stream="Jacobson scrotum cancer.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="climbing_boys_strange_ch_2.pdf" attr="" comment="K.H. Strange, The Climbing Boys, Ch. 2" date="1229547254" name="climbing_boys_strange_ch_2.pdf" path="climbing boys strange ch 2.pdf" size="240375" stream="climbing boys strange ch 2.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="cullingford_ch_4.pdf" attr="" comment="B. Cullingford, Five Centuries of British Chimney Sweeps, Ch. 4" date="1229547318" name="cullingford_ch_4.pdf" path="cullingford ch 4.pdf" size="400781" stream="cullingford ch 4.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
Line: 127 to 136
 
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="sweeps_house_image.pdf" attr="" comment="Sweep's House Image" date="1229547469" name="sweeps_house_image.pdf" path="sweep's house image.pdf" size="140638" stream="sweep's house image.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="cullingford_title_page.pdf" attr="" comment="Cullingford title page" date="1229547559" name="cullingford_title_page.pdf" path="cullingford title page.pdf" size="5226" stream="cullingford title page.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="strange_title_page.pdf" attr="" comment="K.H. Strange, title page" date="1229547590" name="strange_title_page.pdf" path="strange title page.pdf" size="46094" stream="strange title page.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="widow_sells_son_image.pdf" attr="" comment="widow sells son image" date="1229619884" name="widow_sells_son_image.pdf" path="widow sells son image.pdf" size="136985" stream="widow sells son image.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"

ArmorieDelamirie 10 - 18 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

Line: 20 to 20
 1. Finders Keepers (except against the prior owner)
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This case is a staple of modern property textbooks for the proposition that one who finds a chattel is considered its owner against anyone in the world other than its prior and rightful owner.
 2. Respondeat Superior
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Armory is not considered an important case in the development of the doctrine of Respondeat Superior.
 3. Spoliation of Evidence
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Based on the interpretive canon omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem, which urges judges to presume 'all things' against the spoliator of the evidence: .” Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001). Armory is considered “one of the first recorded instances of spoliation of evidence.” Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).
>
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Armory is considered “one of the first instances of spoliation of evidence. Under this evidentiary rule, courts presume that evidence a party has concealed or destroyed would have been injurious to their case, based on the interpretive canon omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem, ('all things' against the spoliator of the evidence). See Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001); Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).
 Interpellating Armory: Chimney Sweeps and their Apprentices
Line: 36 to 40
 Relevant Historiography
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* climbing_boys_strange_ch_2.pdf: Kathleen H. Strange, Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices, 1773-1875 (1982), Ch. 2.
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Kathleen H. Strange, Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices, 1773-1875 (1982), Ch. 2
 

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* cullingford_ch_4.pdf: Benita Cullingford, British Chimney Sweeps: Five Centuries of Chimney Sweeping (2001), ch. 4.
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Benita Cullingford, British Chimney Sweeps: Five Centuries of Chimney Sweeping (2001), Ch. 4
 
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* Peter Kirby, Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 19-20 n.2 (2003)
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Peter Kirby, Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 19-20 n.2 (2003)
 
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Peter Kirby offers some empirical revisionism to our populist love affair with the Dickensian image of Chimney Sweep's apprentices:
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Peter Kirby offers some empirical revisionism as a corrective to our populist love affair with the picturesque Dickensian and post-Mary-Poppins image of Chimney Sweeps' apprentices:
 "Chimney-sweepers' apprentices, for example, loom large in the popular historical imagination but were very small in number. Much of their high visibility resulted from the campaigning of Jonas Hanway in the eighteenth century and Lord Shaftesbury and Charles Kingsley in the nineteenth [in the 1863 novel The Water Babies]. In 1841, the number of sweeps' apprentices aged below 10 in London was estimated by Mayhew to be 370 (at a time when London's population numbered 2.2 million). Hanway estimated that in 1785 there were 400 to 550 climbing boys in London, and an estimate from seven years later supposed their number to be 500. . . According to the census of 1851, there were 1107 British chimney-sweeps aged below 15 in Britain."

Climbing Boys in Literature and Art

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William Blake published two version of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).
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William Blake published two versions of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).
 Scrotum Cancer
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Soot and chemicals it contained led to a notoriously high rate of scrotal cancer among chimney sweep's boys.
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Soot and the chemicals it contained led to a notably high rate of scrotal cancer among chimney sweep's boys.

Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum (1957)

Pott's 1775 treatise, Chirurgical observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum, . . ., which includes an account of scrotum cancer among chimney sweepers has been cited as the first description of an occupational cancer:

". . . there is a disease as peculiar to a certain set of people, which has not, at least to my knowledge, been publickly noticed; I mean the chimney-sweepers' cancer . . . it produced a superficial, painful, ragged, ill-looking sore, with hard and rising edges. The trade call it the soot-wart . . . The fate of these people seems singularly hard; in their early infancy, they are most frequently treated with great brutality, and almost starved with cold and hunger; they are thrust up narrow, and sometimes hot chimnies, where they are bruised, burned, and almost suffocated; and when they get to puberty, become peculiarly liable to a most noisome, painful, and fatal disease."

Henry T. Butlin, Three Lectures on Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney-Sweeps (1892)

 
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* butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf: Henry T. Butlin, Three Lectures on Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney-Sweeps (1892)
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Butlin considers possible reasons that chimney sweeps on the continent suffer a much lower rate of scrotum cancer. He hypothesizes that it is owing to protective clothing which varies by local custom that:
 
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"in spite of every other condition which may be regarded as favourable to the disease, including the employment of children as 'climbing boys,' it is really almost unknown in those countries."
 
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* pott_scrotum_article.pdf: Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum (1957)
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Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)
 
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Jacobson argues against Butlin's belief in the protective properties of specialized clothing and also departs from medical consensus holding that improved sweeping technology has reduced the incidence of cancer by allowing one to sweep from below rather than inside the chimney. Instead, Jacobson proposes:
 
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* Jacobson_scrotum_cancer.pdf: From Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)
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"A more important explanation than the intersection of machinery, is to be found in the fact that chimney-sweeps, being no longer employed in boyhood, the delicate scrotal skin is not exposed so early or so long to the irritation of soot."
 Paul De Lamerie

ArmorieDelamirie 9 - 18 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

We are at work on this, plz direct comments or help to Carol DeMartino? and Alex Feerst.

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The Opinion
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The Opinion
 Before Pratt, C.J. at nisi prius.
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 3. As to the value of the jewel, several of the trade were examined to prove what a jewel of the finest water that would fit the docket would be worth; and the chief justice directed the jury that, unless the defendant did produce the jewel, and show it not to be of the finest water, they should presume the strongest against him, and make the value of the best jewels the measure of their damages, which they accordingly did.
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Key Legal Propositions
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Key Legal Propositions
 1. Finders Keepers (except against the prior owner)
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 Based on the interpretive canon omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem, which urges judges to presume 'all things' against the spoliator of the evidence: .” Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001). Armory is considered “one of the first recorded instances of spoliation of evidence.” Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).
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Finding Armory: Chimney Sweeps and their Apprentices ("Climbing Boys")
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Interpellating Armory: Chimney Sweeps and their Apprentices
 Legal historian A.W. Brian Simpson has this to say about the problem of tracking down Armory, the chimney sweep's apprentice:
Line: 34 to 34
 Short of finding the climbing boy at the center of this case, this section tries to do the next best thing -- to gather as much information as possible that is likely to describe someone in Armory's position.
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Some empirical revisionism from Peter Kirby on our populist love affair with the Dickensian image of Chimney Sweeps' apprentices:
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Relevant Historiography
 
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"Chimney-sweepers' apprentices, for example, loom large in the popular historical imagination but were very small in number. Much of their high visibility resulted from the campaigning of Jonas Hanway in the eighteenth century and Lord Shaftesbury and Charles Kingsley in the nineteenth [in the 1863 novel The Water Babies]. In 1841, the number of sweeps' apprentices aged below 10 in London was estimated by Mayhew to be 370 (at a time when London's population numbered 2.2 million). Hanway estimated that in 1785 there were 400 to 550 climbing boys in London, and an estimate from seven years later supposed their number to be 500. . . According to the census of 1851, there were 1107 British chimney-sweeps aged below 15 in Britain." Peter Kirby, Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 19-20 n.2 (2003)
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* climbing_boys_strange_ch_2.pdf: Kathleen H. Strange, Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices, 1773-1875 (1982), Ch. 2.
 
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William Blake published two version of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).
 
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Soot and chemicals it contained led to higher rate of scrotal cancer for chimney sweep's boys; also, alcoholism. Attached are some documents on scrotum cancer in climbing boys.
 
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Sources:
 * cullingford_ch_4.pdf: Benita Cullingford, British Chimney Sweeps: Five Centuries of Chimney Sweeping (2001), ch. 4.
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* climbing_boys_strange_ch_2.pdf: Kathleen H. Strange, Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices, 1773-1875 (1982), Ch. 2.
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* Peter Kirby, Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 19-20 n.2 (2003)
 
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Paul De Lamerie
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Peter Kirby offers some empirical revisionism to our populist love affair with the Dickensian image of Chimney Sweep's apprentices:
 
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* Paul_De_Lamerie,_Goldmsith.pdf: "Paul De Lamerie, Goldsmith" from The Burlington Magazine (1920)
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"Chimney-sweepers' apprentices, for example, loom large in the popular historical imagination but were very small in number. Much of their high visibility resulted from the campaigning of Jonas Hanway in the eighteenth century and Lord Shaftesbury and Charles Kingsley in the nineteenth [in the 1863 novel The Water Babies]. In 1841, the number of sweeps' apprentices aged below 10 in London was estimated by Mayhew to be 370 (at a time when London's population numbered 2.2 million). Hanway estimated that in 1785 there were 400 to 550 climbing boys in London, and an estimate from seven years later supposed their number to be 500. . . According to the census of 1851, there were 1107 British chimney-sweeps aged below 15 in Britain."
 
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* Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf: Review of exhibition, from The Burlington Magazine (1990)
 
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Below are links to images of De Lamerie's work:
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Climbing Boys in Literature and Art
 
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* de_lamerie_cup_with_cover: 1742
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William Blake published two version of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).
 
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* basket: 1744-45
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Scrotum Cancer
 
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* candlesticks: 1738-39
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Soot and chemicals it contained led to a notoriously high rate of scrotal cancer among chimney sweep's boys.
 
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* shells: 1724-25
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* butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf: Henry T. Butlin, Three Lectures on Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney-Sweeps (1892)
 
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* Newdigate: 1743-44
 
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* pott_scrotum_article.pdf: Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum (1957)
 
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Armory in Motion

Since it came down, the case has appeared in legal treatises on property, evidence, and tort law, judicial opinions, and case books on property law.

 
Added:
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* Jacobson_scrotum_cancer.pdf: From Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)
 
Added:
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Paul De Lamerie
 
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* Paul_De_Lamerie,_Goldmsith.pdf: "Paul De Lamerie, Goldsmith" from The Burlington Magazine (1920)
 
Added:
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* Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf: Review of exhibition, from The Burlington Magazine (1990)
 
Added:
>
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Below are links to images of De Lamerie's work:
 
Added:
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* de_lamerie_cup_with_cover: 1742
 
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* basket: 1744-45
 
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* candlesticks: 1738-39
 
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* shells: 1724-25
 
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* Newdigate: 1743-44
 

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Armory in Motion
 
Added:
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Since it came down, the case has appeared in legal treatises on property, evidence, and tort law, judicial opinions, and case books on property law.
 

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ArmorieDelamirie 8 - 17 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
Line: 1 to 1
 
META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

Line: 44 to 44
 Sources:
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Benita Cullingford, British Chimney Sweeps: Five Centuries of Chimney Sweeping (2001). Kathleen H. Strange, Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices, 1773-1875 (1982).
>
>
* cullingford_ch_4.pdf: Benita Cullingford, British Chimney Sweeps: Five Centuries of Chimney Sweeping (2001), ch. 4.

* climbing_boys_strange_ch_2.pdf: Kathleen H. Strange, Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices, 1773-1875 (1982), Ch. 2.

 Paul De Lamerie
Line: 82 to 84
 

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Deleted:
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Deleted:
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Armory_in_Indermaur.odt" attr="" comment="Armory in John Indermaur, Principles of the Common Law 275 (1880)" date="1228257154" name="Armory_in_Indermaur.odt" path="Armory in Indermaur.odt" size="319542" stream="Armory in Indermaur.odt" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
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Line: 97 to 98
 
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Added:
>
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META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="sweeps_house_image.pdf" attr="" comment="Sweep's House Image" date="1229547469" name="sweeps_house_image.pdf" path="sweep's house image.pdf" size="140638" stream="sweep's house image.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="cullingford_title_page.pdf" attr="" comment="Cullingford title page" date="1229547559" name="cullingford_title_page.pdf" path="cullingford title page.pdf" size="5226" stream="cullingford title page.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="strange_title_page.pdf" attr="" comment="K.H. Strange, title page" date="1229547590" name="strange_title_page.pdf" path="strange title page.pdf" size="46094" stream="strange title page.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"

ArmorieDelamirie 7 - 03 Dec 2008 - Main.CarolDeMartino
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

Line: 49 to 49
 Paul De Lamerie
Added:
>
>
* Paul_De_Lamerie,_Goldmsith.pdf: "Paul De Lamerie, Goldsmith" from The Burlington Magazine (1920)

* Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf: Review of exhibition, from The Burlington Magazine (1990)

Below are links to images of De Lamerie's work:

* de_lamerie_cup_with_cover: 1742

* basket: 1744-45

* candlesticks: 1738-39

* shells: 1724-25

* Newdigate: 1743-44

 Armory in Motion

Since it came down, the case has appeared in legal treatises on property, evidence, and tort law, judicial opinions, and case books on property law.

Line: 60 to 88
 
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="blake_chimney_experience.jpg" attr="" comment="Image of Blake's %22The Chimney Sweeper%22 from Songs of Experience (1794)" date="1228255445" name="blake_chimney_experience.jpg" path="blake chimney experience.jpg" size="24225" stream="blake chimney experience.jpg" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Armory_in_Indermaur.odt" attr="" comment="Armory in John Indermaur, Principles of the Common Law 275 (1880)" date="1228257154" name="Armory_in_Indermaur.odt" path="Armory in Indermaur.odt" size="319542" stream="Armory in Indermaur.odt" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="armory_opinion.odt" attr="" comment="Armory opinion, in George Chase, Leading Cases Upon the Law of Torts 509 (1904)" date="1228258150" name="armory_opinion.odt" path="armory opinion.odt" size="378707" stream="armory opinion.odt" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
Added:
>
>
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Paul_De_Lamerie,_Goldmsith.pdf" attr="" comment="%22Paul De Lamerie, Goldsmith%22 from The Burlington Magazine (1920)" date="1228326701" name="Paul_De_Lamerie,_Goldmsith.pdf" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\Paul De Lamerie, Goldmsith.pdf" size="990227" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\Paul De Lamerie, Goldmsith.pdf" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf" attr="" comment="Review of De Lamerie exhibition, from The Burlington Magazine (1990)" date="1228326959" name="Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\Paul de Lamerie.pdf" size="822018" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\Paul de Lamerie.pdf" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="A_model_by_Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf" attr="" comment="%22A Model by Paul de Lamerie%22 from the Burlington Magazine (1956)" date="1228328454" name="A_model_by_Paul_de_Lamerie.pdf" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\A model by Paul de Lamerie.pdf" size="1168740" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\A model by Paul de Lamerie.pdf" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="review_of_De_Lamerie_biography.pdf" attr="" comment="Review of Phillips' De Lamerie biography, from the Burlington Magazine (1935)" date="1228328613" name="review_of_De_Lamerie_biography.pdf" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\review of De Lamerie biography.pdf" size="700700" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\review of De Lamerie biography.pdf" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="de_lamerie_cup_with_cover" attr="" comment="image of Cup with Cover, De Lamerie, 1742" date="1228328862" name="de_lamerie_cup_with_cover" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\de lamerie cup with cover" size="78150" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\de lamerie cup with cover" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="basket" attr="" comment="Basket, 1744-45" date="1228329517" name="basket" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\basket" size="102982" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\basket" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="candlesticks" attr="" comment="1738-39" date="1228329678" name="candlesticks" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\candlesticks" size="119242" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\candlesticks" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="shells" attr="" comment="1724-25" date="1228329823" name="shells" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\shells" size="78404" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\shells" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Newdigate" attr="" comment="1743-44" date="1228329878" name="Newdigate" path="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\Newdigate" size="79223" stream="C:\Documents and Settings\new_libnet_user\My Documents\Newdigate" user="Main.CarolDeMartino" version="1"

ArmorieDelamirie 6 - 03 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

We are at work on this, plz direct comments or help to Carol DeMartino? and Alex Feerst.

Changed:
<
<
The Text
>
>
The Opinion
 BeforePratt, C.J. at nisi prius.
Line: 24 to 24
 3. Spoliation of Evidence
Changed:
<
<
Armory is considered “one of the first recorded instances of spoliation of evidence.” Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).
>
>
Based on the interpretive canon omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem, which urges judges to presume 'all things' against the spoliator of the evidence: .” Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001). Armory is considered “one of the first recorded instances of spoliation of evidence.” Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).
 
Changed:
<
<
“The ancient predecessor of the spoliation doctrine . . . is embedded in the legal instruction that urges judges to presume 'all things' against the spoliator of the evidence: omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem.” Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001)
>
>
Finding Armory: Chimney Sweeps and their Apprentices ("Climbing Boys")
 
Changed:
<
<
Legal historian A.W. Brian Simpson has this to say about the problem:
>
>
Legal historian A.W. Brian Simpson has this to say about the problem of tracking down Armory, the chimney sweep's apprentice:
 "I’ve tried to find out more information about [Armory v. Delamirie], but so far I’ve got nowhere. I’m still trying. But the trouble is that if the people in the case are poor, they tend to leave no trace in historical records. So if you do a case involving fairly wealthy people, you often find information. It’s easier to find information in the nineteenth century, because there are extensive newspaper reports. They often give very detailed accounts of litigation, so you get a lot of information from them, but the further back you go, the more difficult it gets. . . It’s such a strange case. I mean, here’s this chimney sweep boy, they were the lowest of the low, somehow suing – who paid for his lawyer? He’s suing the most distinguished silversmith of the early eighteenth century. The defendant’s work now sells for a million dollars an item. And yet we don’t know anything about how the case happened . . .I’ve [tried to get information on the case] intermittently for years, but I haven’t gotten anywhere. History is sometimes just hopeless. Sometimes you just have to give up."
Changed:
<
<
We plan to do the next best thing and get all available relevant information about this case, with the probable exception of anything specific about the climbing boy at the center of it.

Chimney Sweeps and their Apprentices ("Climbing Boys")

>
>
Short of finding the climbing boy at the center of this case, this section tries to do the next best thing -- to gather as much information as possible that is likely to describe someone in Armory's position.
 Some empirical revisionism from Peter Kirby on our populist love affair with the Dickensian image of Chimney Sweeps' apprentices:
Line: 57 to 54
 Since it came down, the case has appeared in legal treatises on property, evidence, and tort law, judicial opinions, and case books on property law.
Deleted:
<
<
 
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf" attr="" comment="Henry T. Butlin, Three Lectures on Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney-Sweeps (1892)" date="1228246458" name="butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf" path="butlin scrotum cancer article.pdf" size="1968197" stream="butlin scrotum cancer article.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
Changed:
<
<
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="pott_scrotum_article.pdf" attr="" comment="Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum" date="1228252826" name="pott_scrotum_article.pdf" path="pott scrotum article.pdf" size="748528" stream="pott scrotum article.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
>
>
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="pott_scrotum_article.pdf" attr="" comment="Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum (1957)" date="1228252826" name="pott_scrotum_article.pdf" path="pott scrotum article.pdf" size="748528" stream="pott scrotum article.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
 
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Jacobson_scrotum_cancer.odt" attr="" comment="From Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)" date="1228253629" name="Jacobson_scrotum_cancer.odt" path="Jacobson scrotum cancer.odt" size="803378" stream="Jacobson scrotum cancer.odt" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="blake_chimney_experience.jpg" attr="" comment="Image of Blake's %22The Chimney Sweeper%22 from Songs of Experience (1794)" date="1228255445" name="blake_chimney_experience.jpg" path="blake chimney experience.jpg" size="24225" stream="blake chimney experience.jpg" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Armory_in_Indermaur.odt" attr="" comment="Armory in John Indermaur, Principles of the Common Law 275 (1880)" date="1228257154" name="Armory_in_Indermaur.odt" path="Armory in Indermaur.odt" size="319542" stream="Armory in Indermaur.odt" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"

ArmorieDelamirie 5 - 02 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
Line: 1 to 1
 
META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

We are at work on this, plz direct comments or help to Carol DeMartino? and Alex Feerst.

Added:
>
>
The Text

BeforePratt, C.J. at nisi prius.

The plaintiff, being a chimney sweeper's boy, found a jewel, and carried it to the defendant's shop, (who was a goldsmith,) to know what it was, and delivered it into the hands of an apprentice, who, under pretense of weighing it, took out the stones; and, calling to the master to let him know if it came to three half-pence, the master offered the boy the money, who refused to take it, and insisted to have the thing again; whereupon the apprentice delivered him back the socket without the stones. And now in trover against the master these points were ruled:

1. That the finder of a jewel, though he does not by such finding acquire an absolute property right of ownership, yet he has such a property as will enable him to keep it against all but the rightful owner, and consequently may maintain trover.

2. That the action may well lay against the master, who gives a credit to his apprentice, and is answerable for his neglect.

3. As to the value of the jewel, several of the trade were examined to prove what a jewel of the finest water that would fit the docket would be worth; and the chief justice directed the jury that, unless the defendant did produce the jewel, and show it not to be of the finest water, they should presume the strongest against him, and make the value of the best jewels the measure of their damages, which they accordingly did.

Key Legal Propositions

1. Finders Keepers (except against the prior owner)

2. Respondeat Superior

3. Spoliation of Evidence

Armory is considered “one of the first recorded instances of spoliation of evidence.” Margaret M. Koesel et al, Spoliation of Evidence ix-x (2006).

“The ancient predecessor of the spoliation doctrine . . . is embedded in the legal instruction that urges judges to presume 'all things' against the spoliator of the evidence: omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem.” Ariel Porat, Liability Under Uncertainty: Evidential Deficiency and the Law of Torts 11 (2001)

 Legal historian A.W. Brian Simpson has this to say about the problem:

"I’ve tried to find out more information about [Armory v. Delamirie], but so far I’ve got nowhere. I’m still trying. But the trouble is that if the people in the case are poor, they tend to leave no trace in historical records. So if you do a case involving fairly wealthy people, you often find information. It’s easier to find information in the nineteenth century, because there are extensive newspaper reports. They often give very detailed accounts of litigation, so you get a lot of information from them, but the further back you go, the more difficult it gets. . . It’s such a strange case. I mean, here’s this chimney sweep boy, they were the lowest of the low, somehow suing – who paid for his lawyer? He’s suing the most distinguished silversmith of the early eighteenth century. The defendant’s work now sells for a million dollars an item. And yet we don’t know anything about how the case happened . . .I’ve [tried to get information on the case] intermittently for years, but I haven’t gotten anywhere. History is sometimes just hopeless. Sometimes you just have to give up."

We plan to do the next best thing and get all available relevant information about this case, with the probable exception of anything specific about the climbing boy at the center of it.

Changed:
<
<
The Facts
>
>
Chimney Sweeps and their Apprentices ("Climbing Boys")
 
Added:
>
>
Some empirical revisionism from Peter Kirby on our populist love affair with the Dickensian image of Chimney Sweeps' apprentices:
 
Changed:
<
<
Key Legal Propositions
>
>
"Chimney-sweepers' apprentices, for example, loom large in the popular historical imagination but were very small in number. Much of their high visibility resulted from the campaigning of Jonas Hanway in the eighteenth century and Lord Shaftesbury and Charles Kingsley in the nineteenth [in the 1863 novel The Water Babies]. In 1841, the number of sweeps' apprentices aged below 10 in London was estimated by Mayhew to be 370 (at a time when London's population numbered 2.2 million). Hanway estimated that in 1785 there were 400 to 550 climbing boys in London, and an estimate from seven years later supposed their number to be 500. . . According to the census of 1851, there were 1107 British chimney-sweeps aged below 15 in Britain." Peter Kirby, Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 19-20 n.2 (2003)

William Blake published two version of his poem "The Chimney Sweep," once in Songs of Innocence (1789) and then in Songs of Experience (1794).

Soot and chemicals it contained led to higher rate of scrotal cancer for chimney sweep's boys; also, alcoholism. Attached are some documents on scrotum cancer in climbing boys.

 
Changed:
<
<
Chimney Sweeps and Climbing Boys Plenty to follow on this, but for now, attached are several historical documents on scrotum cancer in climbing boys.
>
>
Sources:

Benita Cullingford, British Chimney Sweeps: Five Centuries of Chimney Sweeping (2001). Kathleen H. Strange, Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices, 1773-1875 (1982).

 Paul De Lamerie
Changed:
<
<
Goldsmiths
>
>
Armory in Motion

Since it came down, the case has appeared in legal treatises on property, evidence, and tort law, judicial opinions, and case books on property law.

 
Changed:
<
<
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf" attr="" comment="Three Lectures on Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney-Sweeps by Henry T. Butlin" date="1228246458" name="butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf" path="butlin scrotum cancer article.pdf" size="1968197" stream="butlin scrotum cancer article.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
>
>
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf" attr="" comment="Henry T. Butlin, Three Lectures on Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney-Sweeps (1892)" date="1228246458" name="butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf" path="butlin scrotum cancer article.pdf" size="1968197" stream="butlin scrotum cancer article.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="pott_scrotum_article.pdf" attr="" comment="Brown & Thornton, Percivall Pott & Chimney Sweepers' Cancer of the Scrotum" date="1228252826" name="pott_scrotum_article.pdf" path="pott scrotum article.pdf" size="748528" stream="pott scrotum article.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Jacobson_scrotum_cancer.odt" attr="" comment="From Walter Jacobson, Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation (1893)" date="1228253629" name="Jacobson_scrotum_cancer.odt" path="Jacobson scrotum cancer.odt" size="803378" stream="Jacobson scrotum cancer.odt" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="blake_chimney_experience.jpg" attr="" comment="Image of Blake's %22The Chimney Sweeper%22 from Songs of Experience (1794)" date="1228255445" name="blake_chimney_experience.jpg" path="blake chimney experience.jpg" size="24225" stream="blake chimney experience.jpg" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="Armory_in_Indermaur.odt" attr="" comment="Armory in John Indermaur, Principles of the Common Law 275 (1880)" date="1228257154" name="Armory_in_Indermaur.odt" path="Armory in Indermaur.odt" size="319542" stream="Armory in Indermaur.odt" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"
META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="armory_opinion.odt" attr="" comment="Armory opinion, in George Chase, Leading Cases Upon the Law of Torts 509 (1904)" date="1228258150" name="armory_opinion.odt" path="armory opinion.odt" size="378707" stream="armory opinion.odt" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"

ArmorieDelamirie 4 - 02 Dec 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
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META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"
Changed:
<
<

Armorie v. Delamirie

>
>

Armorie v. Delamirie (1722) K.B., 1 Strange 505, 93 ER 664

 
Changed:
<
<
I would also like to work on this topic. Carol DeMartino?
>
>
We are at work on this, plz direct comments or help to Carol DeMartino? and Alex Feerst.
 
Changed:
<
<
I'll take this topic. Anyone interested in collaborating, let me know, thanks. - Alex Feerst
>
>
Legal historian A.W. Brian Simpson has this to say about the problem:

"I’ve tried to find out more information about [Armory v. Delamirie], but so far I’ve got nowhere. I’m still trying. But the trouble is that if the people in the case are poor, they tend to leave no trace in historical records. So if you do a case involving fairly wealthy people, you often find information. It’s easier to find information in the nineteenth century, because there are extensive newspaper reports. They often give very detailed accounts of litigation, so you get a lot of information from them, but the further back you go, the more difficult it gets. . . It’s such a strange case. I mean, here’s this chimney sweep boy, they were the lowest of the low, somehow suing – who paid for his lawyer? He’s suing the most distinguished silversmith of the early eighteenth century. The defendant’s work now sells for a million dollars an item. And yet we don’t know anything about how the case happened . . .I’ve [tried to get information on the case] intermittently for years, but I haven’t gotten anywhere. History is sometimes just hopeless. Sometimes you just have to give up."

We plan to do the next best thing and get all available relevant information about this case, with the probable exception of anything specific about the climbing boy at the center of it.

The Facts

Key Legal Propositions

Chimney Sweeps and Climbing Boys Plenty to follow on this, but for now, attached are several historical documents on scrotum cancer in climbing boys.

Paul De Lamerie

Goldsmiths

META FILEATTACHMENT attachment="butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf" attr="" comment="Three Lectures on Cancer of the Scrotum in Chimney-Sweeps by Henry T. Butlin" date="1228246458" name="butlin_scrotum_cancer_article.pdf" path="butlin scrotum cancer article.pdf" size="1968197" stream="butlin scrotum cancer article.pdf" user="Main.AlexFeerst" version="1"

ArmorieDelamirie 3 - 26 Oct 2008 - Main.CarolDeMartino
Line: 1 to 1
 
META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie

Added:
>
>
I would also like to work on this topic. Carol DeMartino?
 I'll take this topic. Anyone interested in collaborating, let me know, thanks. - Alex Feerst \ No newline at end of file

ArmorieDelamirie 2 - 26 Oct 2008 - Main.AlexFeerst
Line: 1 to 1
 
META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie

\ No newline at end of file
Added:
>
>
I'll take this topic. Anyone interested in collaborating, let me know, thanks. - Alex Feerst
 \ No newline at end of file

ArmorieDelamirie 1 - 21 Oct 2008 - Main.EbenMoglen
Line: 1 to 1
Added:
>
>
META TOPICPARENT name="PaperTopics"

Armorie v. Delamirie


Revision 21r21 - 23 Aug 2014 - 20:10:31 - EbenMoglen
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Revision 19r19 - 22 Dec 2008 - 20:14:25 - CarolDeMartino
Revision 18r18 - 21 Dec 2008 - 10:20:59 - AlexFeerst
Revision 17r17 - 21 Dec 2008 - 08:54:41 - AlexFeerst
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