It Actually Worked, or How Technology Is Changing Financial Regulation

A misleading title. The actual subject might be better described as "one way technology is changing one aspect of financial regulation."

-- By AlexeySokolin - 27 Nov 2011

Finally, our grandparents can invest in the latest hot technology start-ups! In the last few years, online tools have sprung up to challenge financial regulation of private offerings and capital markets. Surprisingly, securities regulation is bending to technology and accepting the new paradigm thanks to the economic pressure of the current recession.

Traditional Regulation Framework

Companies raise money for many reasons: to finance operations, build products, or experiment with business models. Raising money implies that someone is investing in the company, whether in the form of debt or equity, and corresponds to a certain level of risk. To appropriately communicate that risk to investors, firms are regulated under the Securities Act of 1933 and must disclose relevant information in offering documents. For billion dollar market capitalization companies, the cost of compliance is onerous but manageable. On the other hand, younger, smaller companies can be dissuaded from public capital raising altogether by the associated costs.

Regulation D provides an exemption that allows capital to be raised privately when certain threshold are met. For example, the number of offerees and purchasers is limited, general promotion is prohibited, the purchase is made without a view to resale, and investors contract directly with the issuer. The investors must be accredited, with an income greater than $200,000 or over $1 million in investable assets. In principle, the rule strips regulatory protection (in the form of risk evaluation) from people that can protect themselves, with wealth being a proxy for ability to understand risk. Crude, but this exemption has opened an entire industry of angel investing, leading to productive economic activity.

Private Securities and Technology Innovation

In the age of Facebook, everyone is an entrepreneur. The web has enabled explosive growth in technology start-ups and their funding. It is easier than ever to start a company; it is also easier to find a company in which to invest. Thus the corollary: in the age of AngelList, everyone is an investor. Several companies have emerged to facilitate next-generation financing, and challenging how private placements have been done in the past.

Kickstarter is one of the most successful crowd-funding websites. It allows regular, unsophisticated, unaccredited people to provide capital for projects and receive benefits in exchange. The transaction is structured as follows: a project owner sets some minimum amount that they are raising, and then associates certain contribution levels with certain rewards. For example, a $25 contribution may be a pre-order of the product when it is made; a $500 contribution may be an autographed copy of the product, along with special commentary and extra personalized goods. If the minimum tipping point is reached, the project is funded and the author commits to carrying it out. Most projects are creative, in music and visual arts, and cost below $1,000, but some are as large as $200,000 and have more than 6,000 backers. This model skirts fixed income and equity altogether, replacing the concept of securities with a large sum of micro-transactions.

The important point is rather that this is contribution, not investment. Kickstarter contributors are neither loaning money at interest nor acquiring equity. You fudge this crucial point, by talking about their receiving benefits. A t-shirt or even an more expensive premium with a significant market value promised in return for a contribution (not contingent upon the success of the enterprise, I should point out) is not investment in the sense we are discussing.

Kickstarter is a mechanism for cooperative fundraising. It is part of another aspect of the 21st century economy enabled by the Net, a sector of trust-based, non-profit, or community-linked enterprises occupying ecological niches unreachable under 20th century conditions because of transactions costs and transportation expenses eliminated by the Net. The sector thus enabled is substantially larger than the existing global industrial economy. Its growth and development over the next hundred years is as large a change in the overall nature of humanity's material culture as the process we call "the Industrial Revolution." Everything we are talking about in this course, let alone in this essay, are small evanescent surface features on the immensity of that phenomenon.

One of the less evanescent surface phenomena is the decentralization of capital accumulation, as cooperative systems of finance—which have traditionally met enormous barriers of transactional complexity and cost, as well as hostile regulatory capture, but which are also more durable and older than finance capitalism by thousands of years—become hyper-functional and efficient under conditions of global hyper-connection. Thinking about Kickstarter plus PayPal can be helpful in modeling the primitive pre-eukaryotic form of the new financial organisms. And naturally you have a pretty good understanding of dinosaur neuroanatomy. It's the stuff in between you're not seeing quite as clearly.

That's an interesting jumping off point. Any concrete examples of this type of finance prior to capitalism that I could look into? I agree with you on the contribution piece. People contribute to projects because they are cool, not to make money. This is somewhat true for some early stage angels as well (even if they do make money, that's not the most important goal). And I always have been partial to dinosaurs.

AngelList is a social network for angels—individuals that themselves had a lucrative career, are likely accredited investors, and qualify for the Regulation D exemption. Driven primarily by reputation and references, this network quickly accelerates traditional fundraising timelines. Instead of going door-to-door with a presentation, entrepreneurs can take advantage of network effects and access a large number of people simultaneously. This is convenient. As an entrepreneur, you want to put your materials in front of every single person that could potentially invest, which would run afoul of the rule against promotion of securities. AngelList? deals with this by facilitating personal introductions and warning against solicitation. Warned or not, the entrepreneur is one click away from tweeting an investment update to thousands of strangers. A competitor site, Gust, serves a similar function for investor networks. Stronger restrictions on mass communication make it less convenient to spam your investment materials to venture firms, but not less feasible.

Another innovation in marketing private equity is represented by secondary market exchanges. After an initial public offering, public stock is traded on secondary markets like NYSE and NASDAQ. As stressed before, financial regulation mandates compliance using accounting and disclosure standards so that risks about the security are known. When those securities are private, compliance is far less rigorous; the stock must not be widely traded and is restricted to institutional and accredited investors. However, recent years have seen low IPO activity and high demand for private company stock (e.g., Facebook). Companies like Second Market and Share Post built online exchanges for restricted share, creating prices and convenient trading platforms. Although members are limited to legally appropriate categories, the line is being blurred and the SEC had launched investigations into trading members.

Emerging Legal Foundation

It is no surprise then that these companies consider existing regulation outdated and are lobbying to change the rules. Combined with the pressure of a stagnant economy, tight lending, and politically appealing “small business” demographic, it may be working. The House passed several bills to make private investment easier: increasing the number of maximum shareholders for closely held banks by 1,500 and growing the exemption from SEC registration from $5 million to $50 million. Other proposals on the table would allow broad soliciting and advertising, replace the accredited investor rule with a 10% of income rule, and empower online services to offer equity. In a refreshing twist, the failure of traditional finance to generate a recovery from the current recession is building the legal foundation for future innovation and creativity.

This is so emphatically the least of the significance of what's going on that the essay winds up reminding me of the bird that flew ever faster in ever smaller circles until the inevitable happened, and ....

From my point of view, if the fate of Regulation D is the angle subtended by your telescope, this analysis is descriptively correct. It seems to me a little like explaining what's going to happen to one sandcastle on the beach in Thailand as the Boxing Day tsunami moves in. Some effort to describe the phenomena overall not in terms of traditional terminology, but rather in terms reflective of the situation at the other end of the process might be helpful.

Given the mess of the first essay where the frame was wider, I went for a narrower exercise which was still relevant to my interests. I think envisioning the financial institutions of tomorrow is very compelling, but perhaps in another paper.