1. Censorship both by private companies in the internet community

In the past, censorship in the internet community was mainly conducted by governments authorities. These days, however, many private companies also conduct censorship in the internet community that they provide to the public. For instance, Facebook removes millions of violating posts and accounts every day on its app. Most of those actions are conducted automatically with artificial intelligence technology　(Meta Platforms, Inc., “Community Standards Enforcement Report Q3 2021 report”, 2021, https://transparency.fb.com/data/community-standards-enforcement/; Meta Platforms, Inc., “AI advances to detect hate speech better", May 12, 2020, https://ai.facebook.com/blog/ai-advances-to-better-detect-hate-speech/; Khari Johnson, “Facebook is using more AI to detect hate speech”, May 12, 2020, https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/12/facebook-is-using-more-ai-to-detect-hate-speech/). Moreover, Intel announced that it released “Bleep”, an artificial intelligence program that censors hate speech in real-time voice chat during gameplay (Ana Diaz, “Intel responds to hate speech tool getting roasted by the internet”, April 9, 2021, https://www.polygon.com/22374120/intel-bleep-voice-chat-hate-speech-censor-spirit-ai). Almost all of us, especially those who live in countries with highly developed internet infrastructure, heavily rely on services provided by such tech giants. We use Google search engine and Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, or other kinds of social media every day to receive information from others and to transmit our information. Thus, censorship conducted by such private companies also does serious harm to our rights.

Even in the past, some traditional media, such as newspapers, conducted self-censorship when publishing information. However, censorship lately conducted by social media is different from such traditional self-censorship. The First Amendment also includes the right to silence and supports self-censorship in the sense that a media organization decides to refrain from speaking or publishing. On the other hand, The First Amendment does not include the right to force other parties to be silent (SYMPOSIUM ON CENSORSHIP & THE MEDIA: MEDIA SELF-CENSORSHIP: SELF-CENSORSHIP AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT, 25 ND J. L. Ethics & Pub Pol'y 13). Social media outsource a vast majority of moderation to armies of overseas contractors who screen flagged information and make judgment calls based on guideline compliance. The rest is left to algorithms (ARTICLE: FREE SPEECH ON PRIVATELY-OWNED FORA: A DISCUSSION ON SPEECH FREEDOMS AND POLICY FOR SOCIAL MEDIA, 28 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 113, 120).

The Supreme Court regards social media as the most powerful free speech vehicle available to citizens and forums deserving of constitutional protection (Packingham v. North Carolina, 137 S. Ct. 1730, 1735 (2017). Some people state that social media is a modern-age public forum (28 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 113). At the same time, the Court does not allow viewpoint discrimination: "[t]he public expression of ideas may not be prohibited merely because the ideas are themselves offensive to some of their hearers." E.g., Street v. New York, 394 U.S. 576, 592 (1969). However, social media opposes this doctrine and moderates nude photographs, which could impact the arts, sexual education, gender politics, and other meaningful speech (Marjorie Heins, The Brave New World of Social Media Censorship, 127 HARV. L. REV. F. 325 (2014) , supra note 36, at 326). On the other hand, conferring free speech rights to users on social media may allow indecent and hateful expressions to reach sensitive ears and eyes. Furthermore, such speech could negatively affect users and, thus, business (28 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 113). The Communication Decency Act encourages restriction of constitutional speech. 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(2) (2018).

This issue becomes much severe when speeches are restricted based on viewpoint discrimination. Artificial intelligence enables providers to censor the expressions in the forum on a larger scale than ever before. Use of artificial intelligence also has a risk of broad viewpoint discrimination. Additionally, the risk of broad censorship is not mitigated by after-censorship at this moment. For instance, Facebook allows an appeal of censored pages and profiles, but not posts. The after-censorship response from Facebook is a terse, vague explanation of the violative content and the company's quest to promote an inclusive environment. (28 Kan. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 113, 120).

What is the distinction between censorship and editing? Is every newspaper's "letters to the editor" censored? Without some precision here the argument loses most of its credibility.

Once again, moderated conversation is hardly censorship, or the absence of "free and liberal" thought, unless classrooms are to be regarded as unfree and illiberal. More precision is necessary.

So far as "AI" (which is not artificial intelligence) is concerned, what difference does it make what tools the editor uses? If I use a pattern-marching search or concordance tool in the course of editing this wiki, does that change anything significant, and if so, why?

Why aren't these links in the text? You're writing for the web. Use links. Read the TWiki documentation if you need to learn how, or just use the link button at the top of the editing window, and learn from the markdown it inserts in the text.

Does Censorship with Artificial Intelligence kill our internet communities?

-- By TorahikoMasutani - 09 Dec 2021

1. Censorship both by Governments and private companies in the internet community

In the past, censorship in the internet community was mainly conducted by governments authorities. For instance, China, one of the biggest tech countries in the world, is famous for its “Great Firewall," which is the world's most sophisticated internet censorship apparatus. Some organizations and media reported that the Chinese government blocks expression containing criticism of individuals, policies, or events that are considered integral to the one-party system in the Chinese internet community and a wide range of websites, such as New York Times, Reuters, the Wall Street Journal, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, that might provide information critical of the Chinese government and other international social media platforms, such as Facebook, WhatsApp? , Twitter, Instagram and YouTube? , are entirely blocked.(1) United Nations says, "This repression of critical speech violates article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which grants the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and access to information “through any media and regardless of frontiers”, as well as article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.”(2) Thus, it can be said that “Enlisting the private sector in state abuses” was the central issue of censorship in internet communities.

However, these days, many private companies also conduct censorship in the community that they provide to the public. For instance, Facebook removes millions of violating posts and accounts every day on the Facebook app and Instagram. Most of those actions are conducted automatically, with artificial intelligence technology.(3) Intel announced that it released “Bleep”, an artificial intelligence program that censors hate speech in real-time voice chat during gameplay.(4) Almost all of us, especially those who live in countries with highly developed internet infrastructure, heavily rely on services provided by such tech giants. We use Google search engine and Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, or other kinds of social media every day to receive information from others and to transmit our information. It is pretty difficult for (most of) us to live without using such services. Thus, censorship conducted by such private companies also does serious harm to our rights, and it might be much more fatal for us to deal with such censorship compared to that by government authorities.

2. Censorship with Artificial Intelligence by private companies

Recently, many private companies are introducing artificial intelligence technologies to conduct censorship in the community managed by them. For instance, Mike Schroepfer, Facebook’s chief technology officer, insists that “A central focus of Facebook’s AI efforts is deploying cutting-edge machine learning technology to protect people from harmful content…Our goal is to spot hate speech, misinformation, and other forms of policy-violating content quickly and accurately, for every form of content, and for every language and community around the world.”(5) It is true that such kind of censorship is helpful for private companies as “forum providers.” However, is it good for the internet communities and us as “forum participants” to introduce censorship by artificial intelligence? I do not believe so.

It is true that more and more people raised concerns about witnessing and experiencing toxicity of hate speech, sexual expression, or other kinds of offensive expression in accordance with the expansion of social media and it is essential to deal with such concerns. This kind of offensive expression sometimes leads to severe problems like “Cyber-bullying.”(6) However, if forum providers are allowed to decide “what can be expressed in the platform and what can be not,” the expression in the forum becomes totally different from “free and liberal expression.” Is there any free and liberal expression in the internet community where its users can access only a highly censored, monitored and manipulated version of the expressions of each other? I think it is not. Such a platform censored by providers may easily lead to the forum controlled by the selfish-intention of providers and distort discussion among people in the internet society. This issue becomes much severe as artificial intelligence enables providers to censor the expressions in the forum on a larger scale than ever before.

3. Conclusion - Community without Censorship by providers / with self-regulation by participants

Thus, I think censorship in internet forums shall be denied if such censorship is conducted under the self-imposed control of forum providers. I believe that hate speech or other harmful expressions in the internet forum shall be excluded not by technologies such as artificial intelligence but basically through education to all forum participants. Forum providers shall conduct only the minimum essential censorship to prevent harm such as hate speech and shall not impose broad restrictions on expressions in the forum by using artificial intelligence.

Footnote

(2) Wafa Ben-Hassine, “Government Policy for the Internet Must Be Rights-Based and User-Centred”, https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/government-policy-internet-must-be-rights-based-and-user-centred

(3) Meta Platforms, Inc., “Community Standards Enforcement Report Q3 2021 report”, 2021, https://transparency.fb.com/data/community-standards-enforcement/ Meta Platforms, Inc., “AI advances to better detect hate speech”, May 12, 2020, https://ai.facebook.com/blog/ai-advances-to-better-detect-hate-speech/ Khari Johnson, “Facebook is using more AI to detect hate speech”, May 12, 2020, https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/12/facebook-is-using-more-ai-to-detect-hate-speech/

(4) Ana Diaz, “Intel responds to hate speech tool getting roasted by the internet”, April 9, 2021, https://www.polygon.com/22374120/intel-bleep-voice-chat-hate-speech-censor-spirit-ai

(5) Sam Shead, “Facebook claims A.I. now detects 94.7% of the hate speech that gets removed from its platform”, November 19, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/19/facebook-says-ai-detects-94point7percent-of-hate-speech-removed-from-platform.html

(6) Cyberbullying Research Center, “TWEEN CYBERBULLYING IN 2020”, 2021, https://i.cartoonnetwork.com/stop-bullying/pdfs/CN_Stop_Bullying_Cyber_Bullying_Report_9.30.20.pdf

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